{"Abbreviation":"PG","Aliases":["1,2-propanediol","1,2-Propylene glycol","1,2-dihydroxypropane","2-Hydroxypropanol","Isopropylene glycol","Methylethyl glycol","Methylethylene glycol","Monopropylene glycol","Dowfrost","Sirlene"],"Biological Half-Life":"Whole body: 1.4-30.5 hours (longer in infants and shorter in adults); [TDR, p. 1056]","Boiling Point":"370.8 °","CAS":"57-55-6","ChEBI":"CHEBI:16997","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL286398","ChemicalClasses":["alcohol"],"Chirality":"racemic","Classes":null,"Color/Form":"Colorless viscous liquid","Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.","Density":"1.04 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e","Dosing Info":[],"Drug Warnings":"Hyperosmolality has been induced by propylene glycol (PG) in a number of clinical settings ..., particularly in intensive care unit patients during the administration of nitroglycerin solutions that contain PG ...","DrugClasses":[],"EINECS":"200-338-0","Esters":["acetate","dipropionate","stearate"],"European Community (EC) Number":"200-338-0","Flash Point":"210 °F (NTP, 1992)","HeavyAtomCount":5,"IUPACName":"propane-1,2-diol","Impurities":["ethylene glycol","diethylene glycol"],"InChI":"InChI=1S/C3H8O2/c1-3(5)2-4/h3-5H,2H2,1H3","InChIKey":"DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant and Hackh\u0026apos;s Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) (See all compounds classified as Solvents.)","Melting Point":"-76 °F (NTP, 1992)","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"76.09 g/mol","Odor":"Practically odorless","Opticalactivity":"( + / - )","Physical Description":"Thick odorless colorless liquid. Mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)","PrevSalts":[],"PubChemId":1030,"Record Description":["Propylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water. Propylene glycol is also used to make polyester compounds, and as a base for deicing solutions. Propylene glycol is used by the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries as an antifreeze when leakage might lead to contact with food. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified propylene glycol as an additive that is \"generally recognized as safe\" for use in food. It is used to absorb extra water and maintain moisture in certain medicines, cosmetics, or food products. It is a solvent for food colors and flavors, and in the paint and plastics industries. Propylene glycol is also used to create artificial smoke or fog used in fire-fighting training and in theatrical productions. Other names for propylene glycol are 1,2-dihydroxypropane, 1,2-propanediol, methyl glycol, and trimethyl glycol. Propylene glycol is clear, colorless, slightly syrupy liquid at room temperature. It may exist in air in the vapor form, although propylene glycol must be heated or briskly shaken to produce a vapor. Propylene glycol is practically odorless and tasteless.","Thick odorless colorless liquid. Mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)","Propane-1,2-diol is the simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59℃) and high-boiling (188℃) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. It has a role as a protic solvent, an allergen, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of propane-1,2-diols and a glycol.","A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.","Propylene glycol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).","Propylene Glycol has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera with data available.","Propylene Glycol is a propanediol that exists as a clear, colorless and hygroscopic liquid and consists of propane where the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are substituted by hydroxyl groups. Propylene glycol is used as an organic solvent and diluent in pharmaceuticals and many other industrial applications.","PROPYLENE GLYCOL is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of III (across all indications) and has 4 investigational indications.","Propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odorless, and colorless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. It is manufactured by the hydration of propylene oxide. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent for intravenous, oral, and topical pharmaceutical preparations It is generally considered safe. However in large doses it can be toxic, especially if given over a short period of time. Intravenous lorazepam contains the largest amount of propylene glycol of commonly used drugs. In adults with normal liver and kidney function, the terminal half-life of propylene glycol ranges from 1.4 to 3.3 hours. Propylene glycol is metabolized by the liver to form lactate, acetate, and pyruvate. The nonmetabolized drug is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide conjugate, approximately 12 to 45 percent is excreted unchanged in urine. Renal clearance decreases as the dose administered increases (390 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 5 g/day but only 144 ml/minute/173 m2 at a dose of 21 g/day). These data suggest that renal clearance declines at higher propylene glycol doses because of saturation of proximal tubular secretion of the drug. As an acceptable level of propylene glycol has not been defined, the clinical implication of a propylene glycol level is unclear. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum consumption of 25 mg/kg/day (1.8 g/day for a 75 kg male) of propylene glycol when used as a food additive, but this limit does not address its use as a drug solvent. No maximum dose is recommended in the literature for intravenous therapy with propylene glycol. Intoxication occurs at much higher doses than the WHO dose limit and is exclusive to pharmacologic exposure. Propylene glycol toxicity includes development of serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that proximal tubular necrosis is the cause of acute kidney injury from propylene glycol. Along these lines, proximal tubular cell injury occurs in cultured human cells exposed to propylene glycol. Acute tubular necrosis was described with propylene glycol toxicity in a case of concomitant administration of intravenous lorazepam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Propylene glycol induced intoxication can also mimic sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients suspected of having sepsis with negative cultures should be evaluated for propylene glycol toxicity if they have been exposed to high dose lorazepam or other medications containing this solvent. (A7897)","propylene glycol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.","A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.","See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of); AnubisMed (FDA NDC: 83021-401) (component of); Anubis Barcelona Regul OIl (FDA NDC: 83021-624) (component of) ... View More ...","Propane-1,2-diol is the simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59℃) and high-boiling (188℃) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze. It has a role as a protic solvent, an allergen, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of propane-1,2-diols and a glycol."],"References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene glycol","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161495","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27095160","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27093218","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01839","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB04349","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB02159","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1030","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439846","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/259994","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"ChEMBL","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL286398","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEBI","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16997","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:29002","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:28972","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-55-6","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4254-15-3","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4254-14-2","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00583","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C02917","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C02912","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/6DC9Q167V3","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/942194N4TD","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/602HN5L69H","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0021206","Name":"Propylene glycol","Sub":false},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID501009430","Name":"(+)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID201009429","Name":"(-)-Propylene glycol","Sub":true}]}],"Reported Fatal Dose":"1 = practically nontoxic: probable oral lethal dose (human) is above 15 g/kg; for 70 kg person (150 lb), more than 1 qt (2.2 lb).","SMILES":"CC(CO)O","Solubility":"greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)","Stability/Shelf Life":"At cool temperatures, propylene glycol is stable in a well-closed container, but at high temperatures, in the open, it tends to oxidize, giving rise to products such as propionaldehyde, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and acetic acid. Propylene glycol is chemically stable when mixed with ethanol (95%), glycerin, or water; aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving.","StereoisomerRacemic":"(RS)-Propylene glycol","Stereoisomers":["(+)-Propylene glycol","(-)-Propylene glycol"],"StereoisomersUNII":["942194N4TD","602HN5L69H"],"StoreUNII":["6DC9Q167V3"],"StructureBase64":"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","Taste":"Practically tasteless","Therapeutic Uses":"Propylene glycol is used as a vehicle for IV administration of drugs such as lorazepam, etomidate, phenytoin, diazepam, digoxin, hydralazine, esmolol, chlordiazepoxide, multivitamins, nitroglycerin, pentobarbital sodium, phenobarbital sodium, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.","Title":"Propylene glycol","UNII":"6DC9Q167V3","Wikidata":"Q161495","Wikipedia":"Propylene glycol","XLogP":-0.9}